Welsh Version A: Chwedleu Seith Doethon Rufein: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 11:50, 15 July 2025

The Welsh version of the Seven Sages narrative, Chwedleu Seith Doethon Rufein, derives from the French Version A Sept Sages tradition, according to Gadsden (2021). Though the Welsh text is much shorter than any of the potential French parent texts, the Welsh redactor - identified in one manuscript as 'Llewelyn Offeiriad' (Llewelyn the Priest) - was clearly conversant in French literary style. The Chwedleu echoes stylistic elements of the French parent text, but blended with traditional Welsh narrative forms and structures (sometimes replicating passages from earlier Welsh texts word for word). The redactor also introduced several distinctive elements into the text that distinguish it from other Version A texts. This is immediately obvious from the embedded tales. After the first six tales, which follow the expected Version A pattern, the text then includes Ramus - a tale unique to the Chwedleu, replacing Avis - and also a distinctive version of Roma. The rest of the tales are in an unconventional order, and, according to Gadsden, 'some are modified, with their moral or message shifting, thereby altering their impact' (p. 65). This includes the rare event of a story - Roma - that is traditionally told by the Empress instead being told by one of the sages.

Other noteworthy details unique to the Chwedleu include the fact that the Emperor's first wife is given a name, Eua, or Eve (possibly a misreading of a passage from Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France, français 2137, according to Gadsden, p. 65). The text includes a unique digression in which the Empress searches for information about whether or not the Emperor can sire children, and learns (to her joy) of the existence of his son from a witch ('a horrid, toothless, one-eyed hag', Gadsden 2021 p. 247) - a passage lifted from the traditional tale Culhwch ac Olwen. The Chwedleu omits the name of the young seer who solves the mystery in Sapientes, which the French text gives as Merlin; however, a Welsh literary audience would already have been familiar with the figure of 'Myrddin' as a Wild Man of the Woods character (predating Geoffrey of Monmouth's Vita Merlini), so the choice to leave the seer-child anonymous may have been an expedient way of avoiding confusion. A similar aim may have underscored the decision to omit Avis, Gadsden suggests (2021, p. 124). Gadsden notes that the well-known tale of Branwen, from the second branch of the Mabinogi, features a wronged wife whose is saved from torture by a talking starling who truly reports her innocence. This is, of course, the inverse of Avis - Gadsden suggests that the familiarity with this narrative may have prompted the Welsh redactor to omit the tale. Taken in sum, the Welsh text seems to have been intentionally adapted to suit the late medieval Welsh literary audience.

General Information
Language within Version
Narrative / Scholarly Group
Parent Versions	A (Seven Sages)
Child Versions	Early Modern and Modern Welsh Version A, Middle Welsh Version A
Author	Llewelyn the Priest
Title	Chwedleu Seith Doethon Rufein
Siglum of the version of the Seven Sages	Welsh Version A: Chwedleu Seith Doethon Rufein
Version Number
Branch of the tradition	West

Language & Composition
Original language of version	Middle Welsh
Translated into (languages)
Place of composition	Wales, UK
Date of composition	1401 - 1425
Source for date of composition	Gadsden (2021)

Literature & Editions
Modern research literature	Gadsden (2020), Evans (1903), Huws (2000), Try (2015), Gadsden (2021), Lewis (1925, 1958, 1967)
Modern Editions	Gadsden, Chwedleu Seith Doethon Rufein (2021), Lewis, Chwedleu Seith Doethn Rufein (1925, 1958, 1967)

Recorded branch of this secondary version
A (Seven Sages) French Version A: Roman des Sept Sages Group U Group V Group W Group X Group Y Group Z Gaelic Version A German Version A: Allegatio/Libellus Latin Version A Latin Version A: Allegatio / Libellus Middle English Version A Midland Version Y Group Northern English Southern English Old Swedish Version A: Sju vise mästare Old Swedish Redaction A Old Swedish Redaction B Older Scots Version A: Buke of the Sevyne Sagis Welsh Version A: Chwedleu Seith Doethon Rufein Early Modern and Modern Welsh Version A Middle Welsh Version A

Connected prints
No connected prints

Adaptations
Adapted from (version)	French Version A: Roman des Sept Sages
Adapted into (version)
Source for composition and adaptation information	Gadsden (2021)

Languages in Use
Language of text	Welsh
Regional or specific language of version	Middle Welsh

Notes
Note
Notes on motifs
Notes on the frame

Pattern of embedded stories in this version

Connected manuscripts

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Secondary Version
-|Has Description=The Welsh version of the ''Seven Sages'' narrative, ''Chwedleu Seith Doethon Rufein,'' derives from the [[French Version A: Roman des Sept Sages|French Version A ''Sept Sages'']] tradition, according to [[Gadsden (2021)]]. Though the Welsh text is much shorter than any of the potential French parent texts, the Welsh redactor - identified in one manuscript as 'Llewelyn Offeiriad' (Llewelyn the Priest) - was clearly conversant in French literary style. The ''Chwedleu'' echoes stylistic elements of the French parent text, but blended with traditional Welsh narrative forms and structures (sometimes replicating passages from earlier Welsh texts word for word). The redactor also introduced several distinctive elements into the text that distinguish it from other Version A texts. This is immediately obvious from the embedded tales. After the first six tales, which follow the expected Version A pattern, the text then includes Ramus ''-'' a tale unique to the ''Chwedleu'', replacing Avis - and also a distinctive version of Roma. The rest of the tales are in an unconventional order, and, according to Gadsden, 'some are modified, with their moral or message shifting, thereby altering their impact'  (p. 65). This includes the rare event of a story - Roma - that is traditionally told by one of the Empress instead being told by one of the sages.
+|Has Description=The Welsh version of the ''Seven Sages'' narrative, ''Chwedleu Seith Doethon Rufein,'' derives from the [[French Version A: Roman des Sept Sages|French Version A ''Sept Sages'']] tradition, according to [[Gadsden (2021)]]. Though the Welsh text is much shorter than any of the potential French parent texts, the Welsh redactor - identified in one manuscript as 'Llewelyn Offeiriad' (Llewelyn the Priest) - was clearly conversant in French literary style. The ''Chwedleu'' echoes stylistic elements of the French parent text, but blended with traditional Welsh narrative forms and structures (sometimes replicating passages from earlier Welsh texts word for word). The redactor also introduced several distinctive elements into the text that distinguish it from other Version A texts. This is immediately obvious from the embedded tales. After the first six tales, which follow the expected Version A pattern, the text then includes Ramus ''-'' a tale unique to the ''Chwedleu'', replacing Avis - and also a distinctive version of Roma. The rest of the tales are in an unconventional order, and, according to Gadsden, 'some are modified, with their moral or message shifting, thereby altering their impact'  (p. 65). This includes the rare event of a story - Roma - that is traditionally told by the Empress instead being told by one of the sages.
-Other noteworthy details unique to the ''Chwedleu'' include the fact that the Emperor's first wife is given a name, Eua, or Eve (possibly a misreading of a passage from [[Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France, français 2137]], according to Gadsden, p. 65). The text includes a unique digression in which the Empress searches for information about whether or not the Emperor can sire children, and learns (to her joy) of the existence of his son from an old crone/witch - a passage lifted from the traditional tale ''Culhwch ac Olwen''. The ''Chwedleu'' omits the name of the young seer who solves the mystery in ''Sapientes,'' which the French text gives as Merlin; however, a Welsh literary audience would already have been familiar with the figure of 'Myrddin' as a Wild Man of the Woods character (predating Geoffrey of Monmouth's ''Vita Merlini''), so the choice to leave the seer-child anonymous may have been an expedient way of avoiding confusion. A similar aim may have underscored the decision to omit [[Avis]], [[Gadsden (2020)|Gadsden]] suggests (2021, p. 124). Gadsden notes that the well-known tale of Branwen, from the second branch of the Mabinogi, features a wronged wife whose is saved from torture by a talking starling who truly reports her innocence. This is, of course, the inverse of ''Avis -'' Gadsden suggests that the familiarity with this narrative may have prompted the Welsh redactor to omit the tale. Taken in sum, the Welsh text seems to have been intentionally adapted to suit the late medieval Welsh literary audience.
+Other noteworthy details unique to the ''Chwedleu'' include the fact that the Emperor's first wife is given a name, Eua, or Eve (possibly a misreading of a passage from [[Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France, français 2137]], according to Gadsden, p. 65). The text includes a unique digression in which the Empress searches for information about whether or not the Emperor can sire children, and learns (to her joy) of the existence of his son from a witch ('a horrid, toothless, one-eyed hag', Gadsden 2021 p. 247) - a passage lifted from the traditional tale ''Culhwch ac Olwen''. The ''Chwedleu'' omits the name of the young seer who solves the mystery in ''Sapientes,'' which the French text gives as Merlin; however, a Welsh literary audience would already have been familiar with the figure of 'Myrddin' as a Wild Man of the Woods character (predating Geoffrey of Monmouth's ''Vita Merlini''), so the choice to leave the seer-child anonymous may have been an expedient way of avoiding confusion. A similar aim may have underscored the decision to omit [[Avis]], [[Gadsden (2020)|Gadsden]] suggests (2021, p. 124). Gadsden notes that the well-known tale of Branwen, from the second branch of the Mabinogi, features a wronged wife whose is saved from torture by a talking starling who truly reports her innocence. This is, of course, the inverse of ''Avis -'' Gadsden suggests that the familiarity with this narrative may have prompted the Welsh redactor to omit the tale. Taken in sum, the Welsh text seems to have been intentionally adapted to suit the late medieval Welsh literary audience.
 |Has Author=Llewelyn the Priest
+|Has Title=Chwedleu Seith Doethon Rufein
+|Has Siglum=Welsh Version A: Chwedleu Seith Doethon Rufein
 |Has Branch Of Tradition=West
 |Is Adapted From=French Version A: Roman des Sept Sages
@@ Line 12: / Line 14: @@
 |Has End Date Of Composition=1425
 |Has Source For Date Of Text Composition=Gadsden (2021)
+|Has Text Language=Welsh
+|Has Regional Language=Middle Welsh
 |Has Modern Research Literature=Gadsden (2020); Evans (1903); Huws (2000); Try (2015); Gadsden (2021); Lewis (1925, 1958, 1967)
 |Has Modern Edition=Gadsden, Chwedleu Seith Doethon Rufein (2021); Lewis, Chwedleu Seith Doethn Rufein (1925, 1958, 1967)